Hyperimmune activation is one of the strong predictors of disease progression during pathogenic immunodeficiency virus infections and is mediated in part by sustained type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Combination antiretroviral therapy suppresses hyperimmune activation only partially in HIV-infected individuals. Here, we show that blockade of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) during chonic SIV infection significantly reduces the expression of transcripts associated with type I IFN signaling in the blood and colorectal tissue of rhesus macaques (RM). The effect of PD-1 blockade on type I IFN signaling was durable and persisted under high viremia, a condition that is seen in nonprogressive SIV infection in their natural hosts. The reduced type I IFN signaling was associated with enhanced expression of some of the junction-associated genes in the colorectal tissue and a profound decrease in LPS levels in plasma suggesting a possible repair of gut associated junctions and decreased microbial translocation. The reduced type I IFN signaling was also associated with enhanced immunity against gut resident pathogenic bacteria, control of gut associated opportunistic infections and survival of SIV-infected RMs. These results reveal novel mechanisms by which PD-1 blockade enhances survival of SIV-infected RMs and have implications for development of novel therapeutic approaches to control HIV/AIDS.
PD-1 blockade during chronic SIV infection reduces hyperimmune activation and microbial translocation in rhesus macaques.
Specimen part, Disease, Disease stage, Treatment
View SamplesWe access the activity-dependent genes in olfactory neuron cells with unilateral naris occlusion model with mouse. Overall design: mRNA profile of olfactory epithelia between closed and open sides of mice naris was compared
Activity-Dependent Gene Expression in the Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium.
Specimen part, Cell line, Subject
View SamplesConditional deletion of Lhx2, and to a lesser extent, Emx2 in olfactory neurons alters odorant receptor expression frequency.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons.
Specimen part
View SamplesConditional deletion of Lhx2, and to a lesser extent, Emx2 in olfactory neurons alters odorant receptor expression frequency.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons.
Specimen part
View SamplesConditional deletion of Lhx2, and to a lesser extent, Emx2 in olfactory neurons alters odorant receptor expression frequency.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons.
Specimen part
View SamplesConditional deletion of Lhx2, and to a lesser extent, Emx2 in olfactory neurons alters odorant receptor expression frequency. This series describes 1 of the 5 array experiments.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons.
Specimen part
View SamplesThis SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons.
Specimen part
View SamplesConditional deletion of Lhx2, and to a lesser extent, Emx2 in olfactory neurons alters odorant receptor expression frequency.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons.
Specimen part
View SamplesOdorants are thought to activate sets of odorant receptors in vivo, but capturing sets of responsive receptors in vivo has never been accomplished.
In vivo identification of eugenol-responsive and muscone-responsive mouse odorant receptors.
Specimen part
View SamplesHoxb8 mutant mice show compulsive behavior similar to trichotillomania, a human obsessive-compulsive-spectrum disorder. The only Hoxb8 lineage-labeled cells in the brains of mice are microglia, suggesting that defective Hoxb8 microglia caused the disorder. What is the source of the Hoxb8 microglia? It has been posited that all microglia progenitors arise at embryonic day (E) 7.5 during yolk sac hematopoiesis, and colonize the brain at E9.5. In contrast, we show the presence of two microglia subpopulations: canonical, non-Hoxb8 microglia and Hoxb8 microglia. Unlike non- Hoxb8 microglia, Hoxb8 microglia progenitors appear to be generated during the second wave of yolk sac hematopoiesis, then detected in the aorto-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) and fetal liver, where they are greatly expanded, prior to infiltrating the E12.5 brain. Further, we demonstrate that Hoxb8 hematopoietic progenitor cells taken from fetal liver are competent to give rise to microglia in vivo. Although the two microglial subpopulations are very similar molecularly, and in their response to brain injury and participation in synaptic pruning, they show distinct brain distributions which might contribute to pathological specificity. Non-Hoxb8 microglia significantly outnumber Hoxb8 microglia, but they cannot compensate for the loss of Hoxb8 function in Hoxb8 microglia, suggesting further crucial differences between the two subpopulations. Overall design: Green (non-Hoxb8, control) and yellow (Hoxb8, experimental) microglia data sets
Correction: Two distinct ontogenies confer heterogeneity to mouse brain microglia (doi: 10.1242/dev.152306).
Age, Specimen part, Cell line, Subject
View Samples