Retrograde signaling from axon to soma activates intrinsic regeneration mechanisms in lesioned peripheral sensory neurons; however, the links between axonal injury signaling and the cell body response are not well understood. Here, we used phosphoproteomics and microarrays to implicate ~900 phosphoproteins in retrograde injury signaling in rat sciatic nerve axons in vivo and ~4500 transcripts in the in vivo response to injury in the dorsal root ganglia. Computational analyses of these data sets identified ~400 redundant axonal signaling networks connected to 39 transcription factors implicated in the sensory neuron response to axonal injury. Experimental perturbation of individual overrepresented signaling hub proteins, including Abl, AKT, p38, and protein kinase C, affected neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons. Paradoxically, however, combined perturbation of Abl together with other hub proteins had a reduced effect relative to perturbation of individual proteins. Our data indicate that nerve injury responses are controlled by multiple regulatory components, and suggest that network redundancies provide robustness to the injury response
Signaling to transcription networks in the neuronal retrograde injury response.
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Tissue-specific signals control reversible program of localization and functional polarization of macrophages.
Sex, Specimen part, Treatment
View SamplesTissue macrophages from peritoneal cavity, lung, liver, spleen, small intestine and adipose tissue and M-CSF derived bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were determined for gene expression.
Tissue-specific signals control reversible program of localization and functional polarization of macrophages.
Sex, Specimen part
View SamplesAnalysis of whole genome expression changes in livers from wild type animals and animals with a liver specific transgenic over expression of Cyp7a1. Mice were given a chronic, repetitive administration of LPS for 7 days. Our prior analysis had indicated that inflammation suppresses Cyp7a1 and that this leads to accumulation of intermediates in the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. Here, we hypothesized that over expression of Cyp7a1 would not affect the changes in transcriptional state due to chronic administration of LPS. We provide gene expression data which evaluates this question. Here we find that over expression of Cyp7a1 minimally alters the transcriptome of livers in an untreated state, and that it has small effects on the response to chronic LPS. Overall design: Total RNA isolated from livers of wild type and liver specific Cyp7a1 transgenic animals treated with or without recurrent, daily LPS injections (1.5mg/kg) for 7 days. There are two biological replicates per condition. Samples are a matrix of all conditions reported as FPKMs.
The Effect of Sustained Inflammation on Hepatic Mevalonate Pathway Results in Hyperglycemia.
Sex, Specimen part, Cell line, Subject
View SamplesBMDMs were stimulated with ATRA and/or omentum culture supernatant and gene expression was determined by Illumina microarray
Tissue-specific signals control reversible program of localization and functional polarization of macrophages.
Specimen part, Treatment
View SamplesAnalysis of whole genome expression changes in primary hepatocytes in response to chronic stimulation with inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that chronic treatment of primary hepatocytes with TNF would result in a reprogramming of the cell's transcriptome to improve adaptation to the presence of a chronic inflammatory stress. Here we provide expression analysis detailing genes upregulated, downregulated, and unchanged after 2 days of TNF treatment. We have included gene expression profiling of cells treated with TNF for 2 hours to help isolate the changes unique to chronic TNF treatment of primary hepatocytes.
The Effect of Sustained Inflammation on Hepatic Mevalonate Pathway Results in Hyperglycemia.
Sex, Specimen part
View SamplesPeritoneal macrophages from control and Mac-Gata6 KO (LysM-cre;Gata6-floxed) mice were determined for genome wide gene expression.
Tissue-specific signals control reversible program of localization and functional polarization of macrophages.
Specimen part
View SamplesHeart ventricle tissue was harvested from Trex1/RAG2 DKO mice and from Trex1WT/RAG2KO littermate controls. RNA was extracted, and an Affymetrix Mouse 430 2.0 gene chip analysis was performed.
Trex1 prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity.
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View SamplesThe inflammatory response initiated by microbial products signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system is essential for host defense against infection. Because inflammation can be harmful to host tissues, the innate response is highly regulated. Negative regulation of TLR4, the receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), results in LPS tolerance, defined as hyporesponsiveness to repeated stimulation with LPS. LPS tolerance is thought to protect the host from excessive inflammation by turning off TLR4 signal, which then shuts down TLR-induced genes. However, TLR signaling induces hundreds of genes with very different functions. We reasoned that genes with different functions should have different requirements for regulation. Specifically, genes encoding proinflammatory mediators should be transiently inactivated to limit tissue damage, while genes encoding antimicrobial effectors, which directly target pathogens, should remain inducible in tolerant cells to protect the host from infection. Using an in vitro system of LPS tolerance in macrophages, here we show that TLR-induced genes may indeed be divided into two distinct categories based on their functions and regulatory requirements. Further, we show these distinct groups are regulated by gene-specific, and not signal-specific mechanisms.
Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications.
Specimen part
View SamplesThe transcriptional coactivator Yap promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis, suggesting that Yap functions as an oncogene. Most oncogenes, however, require a combination of at least two signals to promote proliferation. Here we present evidence that Yap activation is insufficient to promote growth in the otherwise normal tissue. Using a mosaic mouse model, we demonstrate that Yap overexpression in a fraction of hepatocytes does not lead to their clonal expansion, as proliferation is counterbalanced by increased apoptosis. To shift the activity of Yap towards growth, a second signal provided by tissue damage or inflammation is required. In response to liver injury, Yap drives clonal expansion, suppresses hepatocyte differentiation and promotes a progenitor phenotype. These results suggest that Yap activation is insufficient to promote growth in the absence of a second signal thus coordinating tissue homeostasis and repair. Overall design: Totally sixteen samples
Two-signal requirement for growth-promoting function of Yap in hepatocytes.
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